I just got this great book by Sir Stanley Hooker. Thanks to Robin.
One of a handful of engineers that won WW II.
Hooker improved the super charger on the Merlin making it possible to
fly a P51 to Berlin.
When Goring saw P51's over Berlin he declared the war lost.
Chapter 2 on the Merlin was fascinating to me. A real engineering
education.
Paul Lamar
Bibliography?
Mark LaPierre
No bibliography
Paul Lamar
No, write a bibliography for the book here so we will know what
you've got.
Mark LaPierre
You mean I don't have enough to do already ? :) Here is a list of
books I have found useful.
WANKEL TYPE ROTARY ENGINES
The definitive book on the rotary is simply called "ROTARY ENGINE" by
Kenichi Yamamoto published by Toyo Kogyo Co. Ltd. (Mazda) in 1969.
This is a highly technical book chronicling the development of the
wankel by Mazda. Kenichi is an engineer and has risen to CEO of
Mazda.
This book on the rotary is also called "ROTARY ENGINE" by Kenichi
Yamamoto published by Sankaido Co. Ltd. Second edition published in
1981. This is an updated version of the first "ROTARY ENGINE" book.
Confusing eh what? This book has a much greater emphasis on
emissions.
Another technical book on the Wankel rotary engine is; "The Wankel RC
Engine Design and Performance" by R.F.Ansdale Published by A.S.
Barnes & Company Lib of Cong 69-18692
The Wankel engine Design Development Application by Jan P. Norbye.
Chilton Book Company. ISBN 0-8019-5591-2 Published in 1971. A little
history and results of the Wankel engine development by NSU,
Mercedes, Mazda and others and some results of work by
Curtiss-Wright. Also some history on all rotary engines. Not as
technical as I would like but not bad.
These books will be easier to find then the Toyo Kogyo book.
Mazda 4-Rotor Rotary Engine for the Le Mans 24-Hour Endurance Race.
(Mazda won the race outright beating all of the famous European race
car builders.) Ritsuharu Shimizu, Tomoo Tadokoro, Toru Nakanishi, and
Junici Funamoto Mazda Motor Corporation. SAE paper 920309. By far the
best technical paper on the Mazda Wankel type rotary engine. Lots of
information on how to make a powerful, normally aspirated, light
weight all aluminum, heavy duty rotary engine.
Many other SAE papers were published by Mazda engineers.
Test of Thermal-Barrier and Wear Coats in Rotary Engines. NASA Tech
Briefs LEW-16512 by Paul Moller. Self explanatory title. Work based
on the OMC all aluminum snow-mobile engine.
Curtiss Wright published quite a few SAE papers back in the 60's and
70's on their development of the rotary for aircraft use.
Engine Revolutions: The Autobiography of Max Bentele. Max was
intimately involved in the early development of the Wankel rotary
engine both while in Germany and in the U.S. while working for
Curtiss Wright and Lycoming. One or two chapters on the history of
the Wankel type rotary engine development.
COOLING SYSTEMS.
Aerodynamics of Propulsion. D. Kuchemann & J. Weber McGraw-Hill Book
Company Inc. 1953 Lib. Of Cong. Card # 52-6541 The bible of the
aerodynamic design of scoops and ducts. Also covers ducted
propellers.
Compact Heat Exchangers. W.M. Kays and A. L. London Kreiger
Publishing Company. Malabar Florida. 1998 The bible of heat
exchangers. Some work on ducts (called headers in this book). Very
comprehensive.
Every few years the American Society of Mechanical Engineers holds
symposiums on heat transfer. Same for the Instate of Mechanical
Engineers AKA IMechE London and the SAE. Lately the automotive
industry is getting so competitive this kind of info is drying up.
AIRCRAFT and all other types of intermittent ICE's IN GENERAL
Sky Ranch Engineering Manual. This book presents an excellent
overview of the problems of aircraft engines. It is 500 pages and a
bargain at only $23. There are many details on the materials and
processes used to build a successful aircraft engine. There is a very
good and exhaustive discussion of destructive torsional vibrations
and fatigue. The telephone number to buy this book is (916) 421
7672. The author is John Schwaner. John is highly thought of in the
experimental aircraft community.
For those of you with an engineering degree or equivalent Taylor's
series of books is the best there is. The bible of engine design.
The Internal Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice.
Volume 1: Thermodynamics, Fluid Flow, Performance. Second Edition
Revised.
Volume 2: Combustion, Fuels, Materials, Design. Revised. Charles
Fayette Taylor. The MIT Press Cambridge Massachusetts, and London
England. AutoBooks in Burbank CA.
Advanced engine technology by Heinz Heisler. Published by the SAE in
1995. An up to date treatment of the latest technology as applied to
the piston engine.
Introduction to the Study of Aircraft Vibration and Flutter by Robert
H. Scanlan & Robert Rosenbaum, Dover Publications touches on
crankshaft design. Lib Cong 68-22341.
Photo-Elastic Analysis by A. W. Hendry, Pergamon Press investigates
stress concentrations in complex machine parts such as crankshafts
and connecting rods. Lib of Cong # 65-29062. Only recently has
computer finite element analysis developed to the point of perhaps
doing a better job on crankshafts than these techniques invented in
the 30's. The book has a great bibliography on the subject.
I can highly recommend a book by Herschel Smith called "A History of
Aircraft Piston Engines" published by Sunflower University Press Inc.
1531 Yuma, Manhattan, Kansas 66502-4228. ISBN 0-07-058472-9.
629.134'352 in a good library. This is a reprint of a book originally
published by McGraw Hill in 1981. Fourth printing 1993. There are
250, 8.5 by 11 pages. It chronicles the evolution of the aircraft
engine from early days to the present. There are many tables listing
every engine ever put in an airplane with all important
specifications including weight, horsepower, RPM, configuration and
in some cases BSFC. There are many photos and drawings of all types
of aircraft engines. This is as close to a bible of aircraft engine
history that I have found so far. About $22.
Vee's For Victory! by Daniel D. Witney. An extensive and
comprehensive book on the history and engineering of the Allison
V-1700 liquid cooled aircraft engine. 8.5 by 11, hard bound, 470
pages. $59.95. Schiffer Military History. Atglen PA
ISBN:0-7643-0561-1
Schneider Trophy Racers by Robert S. Hirsch. Motorbooks International
Osceola WI. Excellent history of the water cooled V12 leading up to
the Merlin. Lots of good drawings done by the author and photos.
Thompson Trophy Racers. Roger Huntington. Motorbooks International.
1989 ISBN 0-87938-365-8. $19.95. 8.5" by 11" 188 pages. Fascinating
reading. Lots of good mechanical drawings, photos and cut-aways on
aircraft engines plus a good history of the development of aircraft
engines for air racing.
The development of Piston Aero Engines by Bill Gunston 1993, 1994,
1995. ISBN 1 85260 385 2. Patrick Stevens Limited/Haynes Publishing
Sparkford Nr Yeovil, Somerset, BA227JJ. Hard bound 213 pages. $39.95
at the Wright Pat Air force Museum.
The first half of the book is on basic principles and engine design.
For the most part this is very well done for the non-physicist
non-engineer reader.
The middle is a history of of the development of aircraft engines.
The author criticizes Fiat compared to Rolls-Royce for not developing
high HP per cubic inch while still acknowledging that the V24 Fiat
powered Macchi MC.72 still holds the world's seaplane record set in
1934 at 440 MPH! Sounds like a little British Empire envy to me. HP
per cubic inch is irrelevant when it comes to aircraft engines. What
really counts is continuous HP per pound and continuous HP per
square foot of engine frontal area. There is no replacement for
displacement.
The last chapter; "Chapter 8 Piston Engines Today and Tomorrow"
categorizes engines by air cooled, liquid cooled, diesels and
unconventional. All engines are included world wide no matter how
obscure starting with low power engines for ultra-lights through
auto engine conversions. The major fault with this chapter is all
engines are listed from PR information regardless if they have flown
or even run for that matter. Teledyne Continental is given almost
equal weight with TTL (UK). Ever hear of TTL (UK)?
In the case of auto engine conversions he quotes Blanton with his
Ford V6 powered Cessna 175 that supposedly cruised faster than the
GO-300 (geared opposed) model and unrealistically burned 6.8 gallons
an hour (90 HP at 0.45 BSFC) instead of 12 gallons per hour for the
GO-300 (157 HP at 0.45 BSFC) without checking the numbers. Bill
Gunston should know better.
I think Bill Gunston is a little gullible. Other than that the book
seems to be excellent.
SAE Paper # 871042 0148-7191/87/0428-1042 $2.50 Design and
Development of the Voyager 200/300 Liquid Cooled Aircraft Engine by
R.E. Wilkinson. Twenty pages. Published in 1987. This paper is about
the engine used in the Rutan Voyager around-the-world un-refueled
record holder. If you never read anything else about any kind of
engine you must read this paper. It is by far the most informative
and up to date information on liquid cooled engines there is.
The real critical limitations of the aluminum head engine are
thoroughly explored. That is; the temperature of the metal
immediately adjacent to the combustion chamber. Aluminum loses half
of it's fatigue life when the temperature goes up from 250 degrees to
500 degrees F. Therefor this temperature limits the amount of
continuous power obtainable from any engine whether air-cooled or
liquid cooled. Just because the coolant temp. is less than 220
degrees F does not mean the metal next to the combustion chamber is
anywhere near that at high power levels. The continuous HP
requirements are far higher for an aircraft engine than they are for
an auto engine or pickup truck engine.
The Automotive manufacturers rarely publish any real information
about engines in the SAE due to the highly competitive nature of the
automobile marketplace. This paper is an outstanding exception for
the SAE. A must read bargain of real information.
Smithsonian Air & Space magazine article "Power Struggle" by Don
Sherman, January 1997, page 72. Excellent ten page article (with
many pictures) about auto engines in airplanes. A brief history of
all auto engines in airplanes and a more detailed history of the
twenty year, twenty million dollar development of the Chevy V8
based, all aluminum Orenda liquid cooled aircraft engine. At this
time (Jan 1997) and well after the article was written the engine
failed its FAA 150 hour full power certification test due to a
crankshaft problem after 20 years of very expensive development. It
was finally certified in 1998 by Transport Canada.
Extensive changes have been made to the basic Chevy big block engine
including a parallel cooling system with dual coolant pumps as
opposed to the serial cooling system with single pump as typically
found in automotive engines. Parallel cooling systems were considered
to be essential in the 1920's on liquid cooled aircraft engines.
Engine length is almost everything to a car designer. Engine cooling
compromises are made by simezing the cylinder walls in automotive
engines. Crankshaft life at high continuous power is compromised by
shortening the length, leaving too little room for adequate size
journal fillet radii. In my opinion this engine will not be
successful until it is re-designed from a clean sheet of paper to be
a real aircraft engine. If that happens they might as well go to a
horizontal opposed configuration for lighter weight.
Orenda is now in the process of moving the project to Nova Scotia and
injecting another 32 million dollars of mostly Canadian government
money. They are also attempting to market the engine to the homebuilt
market. I don't expect many takers at over $100K per engine.
Recently Lancair gave up after spending a lot of money installing the
engine in a special airplane called the Lancair Tigress. The engine
and the Tigress were donated to the EAA museum as a tax write off.
The Orenda company is now bankrupt.
"Those that fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it."
SAE Paper 690302. Designing Cast Components for V8 Engines. J.L. Fitz
et. al. Central Foundry Division of GM. Written before GM clamped a
lid on all real information published by their engineers in the form
of SAE papers. This paper is about the trials and tribulations of
making an engine work as designed by the stylist and using chewing
gum materials as specified by the bean counters.
SAE paper 841221 Development of Powder-Forged Connecting Rods by K.
Imaahashi, C. Tsumuki, & I. Nagare. Toyota Motor Corp. The
conversion of Kg/mm^2 to P.S.I is by multiplying Kg/mm^2 by 1.45. The
Toyoto rods, according to this paper, are about as good as forged SAE
10L55. Aircraft engine rods are made from forged 4340 which has at
least a 25% better fatigue life than forged SAE 10L55.
V-6 BUICK FORD & CHEVY 90 deg./60 deg. Performance. by Pat Ganahl
CARTECH 1988 ISBN 0-931472-13-X $18.95 I normally don't recommend
books of this genre as they do not have the detailed and factual
engineering information such as BSFC, stress and heat rejection
information necessary to successfully adapt and auto engine to
aircraft use. What this book does, in it's introduction and
crankshaft chapters, is discuss the myriad compromises that led to
the 90 degree V6 auto engine.
The real reason such a fundamentally mechanically unbalanced and
problematical design is used in cars is revealed. I.E. the properly
designed, high displacement, 60 degree V6 is too tall for modern car
styling and the 90 deg. V6 can be made on the same production line as
the V8. Consider this book one that should be read on why you should
not put a 90 degree V6 in your airplane. Besides, all V and in-line
engines are trying to jam their crankshafts out the bottom of their
blocks anyway. This is one of the reasons they are inevitably heavier
than opposed engines.
Hotrod Magazine. GEN III. The first look at the all new GM
small-block V8 LS1. By Jeff Smith. Page 50, September 1996. Normally
auto magazines do not publish the material specifications for auto
engine parts. This article on the AL alloy block Chevy V8 LS1 engine
is an exception. Crank, rods and main bearing caps are specified as
either cast iron or powdered metal. Chevy actually went down on the
valve stem diameter to reduce the valve weight. This is not what is
needed for good heat rejection in high duty cycle engines. Lots of
other engine details are included.
Metallurgy Fundamentals Daniel A. Brandt The Goodhart Willcox Comp.
Inc 1992 ISBN 0-87006-922-5 Lib of Congress 91-22280 Lots of data on
heat treating, hardness, properties of steel, crystal structure,
failure & deformation, microscopic structure, surface hardening, etc.
and stress.
GM Performance Parts 1997 Parts Catalog. $6.95 at your friendly GM
dealer. GM may put chewing gum cast iron and powdered metal parts in
their light duty engines installed in their passenger cars and trucks
but they will be glad to sell you the 4340 chrome molly good stuff
in the parts catalog. Of course all other manufactures are putting
chewing gum parts in their passenger car engines as well. I am not
singling out GM.
Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II by Grame White
published by the Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. 400 Copyright
1995. Commonwealth Drive Warrendale PA 15096-0001 (412) 7765 4841 Fax
(412) 776 5760 8.5" by 11" hard bound 400 pages. ISBN 1-56091-
655-9. Lots of good drawings, excellent cutaways and illustrations
as well as photographs. Surprisingly not technical despite the
publisher. This is a well researched book with extensive references
but rather disappointing to me as I would like to see a lot more
technical information about power curves verses BSFC, engine weights,
TBO's and such. I expected a lot more from the SAE. Therefor this
expensive book is NOT recommended.
Scientific Design of Exhaust and Intake Systems. Philip H. Smith and
John C. Morrison Published by Robert Bentley. ISBN 0-8376-0309-9
http://www.rb.com
I have nothing to do financially with any of these publishers.
Feel free to send this list of books and papers to anyone who may be
interested in engines.
Paul Lamar
No Paul, you've misunderstood my request. I was asking you to tell us
the Author, Title of the book, City of publication, Name of publisher,
Date of publication, like this:
General Guide to Formatting a Bibliography
For a book:
Author (last name first). Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of
publication.
EXAMPLE:
Dahl, Roald. The BFG. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1982.
I'm not asking for you to write a book report. ;-)
Mark LaPierre
With google all that is no longer necessary.
Paul Lamar
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